The second conclusion from the analysis is that gerunds are translated either by shift or non shift. Mostly gerunds are translated by class shift. Gerunds are mostly translated into a verb by class shift procedure because mostly gerund has a verbal meaning and it is the task of the translator to transfer the meaning from the source language to the target language. Based on the data, 101 data are translated using shift procedure, and 25 data are translated using non-shift procedure. Out of 126 data, there are 90 data which are translated by using class shift. There are 11 data which are translated by using unit shift. There are 13 data which are translated by non class shift. There are 10 data which are translated by omission. There are 2 data which are translated by loan word. This shows that most of the time in translating gerunds, we can not maintain the formal equivalence or the form of gerund which is a noun. The translator uses class shift procedure or in this case the procedure of changing the gerund which is a noun into a verb more often than the other procedure in translating gerunds in the E-Love novel by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition. peluang usaha

The writer suggests that someone will make a more thorough research on gerund especially on the gerund time relationship with the main verb which is not discussed in this thesis.

CONCLUSION

One of the problems that translators need to solve in translating a text into Indonesian language is gerund because there is no gerund system in Indonesian. The reason why the gerund system does not exist in the Indonesian language is that the concept of gerund is different from nominalization in the Indonesian language. Nominalization is derived from a verb or an adjective by adding affixes such as pe+V, pe-+V+ -an, ke-+V+ -an and V+ -an. A Gerund is derived from a verb by adding the participle -ing. Besides that, nominalization only has a substantival meaning. The gerund, however, has a verbal meaning or a substantival meaning.

In translating gerund, the translator may try to maintain the form of a gerund which is a noun by adding affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, ke- and -an. This is one of the procedures in translating the gerund into Indonesian language. However, in practice, a translator has to use other procedures to achieve a dynamic equivalence where the meaning is the most important factor to transfer and not the form. The translator may use a class shift by adding affixes such as be-, me-, me- -kan, di- and ter- because he or she finds that using affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, pe- and -an is not possible or it will make the translation sounds unnatural. This is because there is not a noun that has a verbal meaning in Indonesian. Gerund has a noun form but it may have a verbal meaning. In fact, mostly gerund has a verbal meaning.

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The aims of this research are to describe the equivalence of gerund from English into Indonesian language in E-love novel by Caroline Plaisted bilingual edition and to describe the procedures used by the translator in translating gerund into Indonesian language in E-love novel by Caroline Plaisted bilingual edition.

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of making a conversation (membuat suatu percakapan)

7. SL: Or perhaps he’d regretted sending me that message? E-love, 2001, 209

TL: Atau barangkali dia menyesal mengirim pesan itu padaku? E-love, 2001, 87

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pesan. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending something (melakukan tindakan mengirim sesuatu)

8. SL: Sometimes you can hear her muttering stuff under her breath and shaking her head in disbelief that people can be so awful to each other. E-love, 2001, 132

TL: Kadang dia suka manggumam pelan sambil geleng geleng kepala, tak percaya bahwa orang-orang bisa begitu jahat terhadap sesama mereka.E-love, 2001, 10

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of making a noise (membuat suatu suara yang tidak jelas) create a free website

9. SL: In the end, Dan gave up trying to cajole me into doing something with him and said he’d see me at supper in the dining-hall. E-love, 2001, 219

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is Debs. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of talking (melakukan tindakan mengobrol). Mengobrol is an informal word. The formal word is percakapan.

15. SL: ‘Huh!’ Butter carried on glaring, this time at her feet which she started to kick against the locker she had been leaning on. E-love, 2001, 137

TL: “Huh!” Butter masih juga melotot, kali ini pada kakinya yang mulai ia tendang-tendangkan_ke loker yang disandari­nya. E-love, 2001, 15

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of glaring (melakukan tindakan melotot).

16. SL: We carried on chatting like that for a while and then Dan brought up the subject of my last e-mail. E-love, 2001, 238

TL: Kami meneruskan mengobrol seperti itu selama beberapa saat, kemudian Dan menyinggung tentang isi e-mail-ku yang terakhir. E-love, 2001, 116

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of making an action of chatting (membuat percakapan) Cara membuat email

17. SL: He carried on holding my hand which made me feel better. E-love, 2001, 235

TL: Dan masih terus menggenggam tanganku, dan aku jadi merasa lebih baik. E-love, 2001, 113

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is tanganku. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of holding (melakukan tindakan menggenggam sesuatu).

c. Translated into Ber-+V (4) Class shift

1. SL: While I was steaming my way up and down the pool, I couldn’t help wondering what Dan did at this time on a Saturday. E-love, 2001, 155

TL: Sambil berenang bolak­-balik di kolam, aku bertanya-tanya kira-kira apa yang dilakukan Dan pada jam segini di hari Sabtu. E-love, 2001, 33

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix ber- above has the meaning of doing the action of wondering (melakukan tindakan bertanya-tanya). cara membuat website gratis

2. SL: I make the most of having a nice long lie-in and then, if I’m feeling like it, I might spend some time practicing the piano. E-love, 2001, 154

TL: Aku lebih suka tidur sampai siang, lalu kalau sedang ingin, aku berlatih piano selama beberapa waktu. E-love, 2001, 32

Me–+V+-kan

7. SL: And then I went for a swim while Mum went on a sunbed (no matter how many times I tell her how bad the thing is for her, she still insists on going on a sunbed every now and then) and Dad had a sauna. E-love, 2001, 155

TL: Setelah itu aku pergi berenang, semen­tara Mum berbaring di sunbed (padahal sudah berkali­-kali kukatakan bahwa berjemur di sunbed itu tidak bagus untuknya, tapi Mum masih juga melakukannya sesekali), Dad masuk ke ruang sauna. E-love, 2001, 33

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is -nya. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of doing something (melakukan tindakan melakukan sesuatu).

c. Translated into Ber-+V (4) Class shift

1. SL: While I was steaming my way up and down the pool, I couldn’t help wondering what Dan did at this time on a Saturday. E-love, 2001, 155

TL: Sambil berenang bolak­-balik di kolam, aku bertanya-tanya kira-kira apa yang dilakukan Dan pada jam segini di hari Sabtu. E-love, 2001, 33

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix ber- above has the meaning of doing the action of wondering (melakukan tindakan bertanya-tanya). cara membuat website gratis

2. SL: I make the most of having a nice long lie-in and then, if I’m feeling like it, I might spend some time practicing the piano. E-love, 2001, 154

By using non-class shift, the gerund form, which is a noun, is maintained.

a. Translated into Ke-+V +an (3)

According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the affix ke- -an depends on the verb one. If the verb one is a verb, the affix has the meaning of something related to (hal yang berhubungan dengan), or a place (tempat). If the verb one is a noun, the affix has the meaning of meaning of something related to (hal yang berhubungan dengan), a place (tempat), or a nature of something (sifat yang) (167-169) How to make a website

1. SL: Surely they could help to rescue him from his studying? E-love, 2001, 136

TL: Teman-temannyakan pasti bisa membantu dia menghilangkan kebosanannya? E-love, 2001, 14

The translation above is a free translation because studying is translated into kebosanannya. The affix ke- -an has a meaning of something related to the boring condition (hal yang berhubungan dengan kebosanan)

2. SL: I think lunch was one of Dad’s treats to us for having been away all week. E-love, 2001, 155

TL: Kurasa acara makan siang bersama ini merupakan salah satu cara Dad untuk menebus ketidak-hadirannya di rumah sepanjang minggu. E-love, 2001,

TL: Sesaat aku menimbang-nimbang untuk meninggalkan pesan, tapi lalu mengurungkannya E-love, 2001, 52 lirik lagu

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pesan. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of leaving (melakukan tindakan meninggalkan).

3. SL: But I think Mum had an idea of how I felt because she leaned back and squeezed my hand without saying anything. E-love, 2001, 223

TL: Tapi kurasa Mum bisa menebak perasanku, sebab Mum mengulurkan tangan ke belakang dan meremas tanganku tanpa mengatakan apa-apa. E-love, 2001, 101

The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is apa-apa. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of leaving (melakukan tindakan meninggalkan).

4. SL: I only just about had time to tell her my worries about telling Mum when we arrived at assembly. E-love, 2001, 192

SL: And, of course, my big mistake about sending the e-mail. E-love, 2001, 183

TL: Juga, tentu saja, kesalahan besarku karena telah mengirim e-mail-itu. E-love, 2001, 61

SL: I had to admit that I felt better for talking to someone about it. E-love, 2001, 184

TL: Mesti kuakui, perasaanku jadi lebih enak setelah membicarakan ini. E-love, 2001, 62 Contoh lamaran kerja

2. There is not much negation before the gerund in the data. We can attach negation to the gerund as a subject, as an object of preposition, but we can not attach negation to the gerund as an object of verb.

The following are the gerunds which are preceded by a negation.

SL: I can’t bear the thought of not seeing you after tomorrow morning. E-love, 2001, 221

TL: Aku juga tidak tahan membayangkan tidak melihatmu lagi setelah besok pagi. E-love, 2001, 99

TL: Aku berniat keluar saja, merasa kecewa karena tidak bisa mengobrol dengan Dan, tapi tiba-tiba muncul pesan baru: Hai, Sam! Ada di situ? E-love, 2001, 55

1. Ommision in translating gerunds occurs when the word is not significant and to make the sentence effective. For example:

SL: We sat next to each other to watch the mixed doubles finals and then we had the joy of watching Sally lose in the girls’ singles for her set. E-love, 2001, 221 contoh surat lamaran

TL: Kami duduk berdampingan menonton final ganda campuran, lalu kami menikmati kekalahan Sally dalam tunggal putri kelompoknya. E-love, 2001, 98

The gerund watching in the sentence above is translated by omission because it is not significant. It is not significant because from the context of the translation, we can see that “menikmati kekalahan Sally” refer to an activity where the main character enjoys watching Sally’s defeat.